The first and only human disease to be eradicated through vaccination. Caused by the variola virus, now kept only in secure laboratories for research.
Smallpox, caused by the variola virus, has plagued humanity for thousands of years. It is estimated to have killed 300-500 million people in the 20th century alone. In 1980, the WHO declared smallpox eradicated—the first and only human disease to be eliminated through deliberate human effort (WHO, 1980).
The last known naturally occurring case was in Somalia in 1977. Two secure WHO reference laboratories (CDC in Atlanta and VECTOR in Russia) retain virus stocks for ongoing research. The question of whether to destroy remaining stocks has been debated for years.
Vaccination (JYNNEOS, ACAM2000) is available for at-risk populations and as part of emergency preparedness. The following describes established medical consensus for clinical management.
No specific antiviral is universally approved for smallpox treatment. Tecovirimat (TPOXX) has been approved by FDA under the Animal Rule for smallpox and may be used in a declared emergency. Strict airborne and contact isolation is the most critical intervention to prevent spread. Supportive care focuses on fluid and electrolyte maintenance, pain management, and prevention of secondary bacterial infections (antibiotics as needed). Monitoring for viral bronchopneumonia and hemorrhagic complications is essential. Smallpox vaccination administered within 4 days of exposure can prevent or significantly reduce severity of illness.
Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only. Treatment decisions must be made by a qualified healthcare provider.