Meningitis
Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Bacterial meningitis is particularly dangerous and can be prevented through vaccination.
Overview
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other pathogens. Bacterial meningitis is the most serious form and requires immediate medical attention (CDC, 2024).
In the U.S., the most common causes of bacterial meningitis are:
- Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcal) - causes meningococcal disease
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcal) - causes pneumococcal meningitis
- Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) - now rare due to vaccination
Meningococcal disease causes approximately 1,000-2,600 cases annually in the U.S., with 10-15% fatality rate.
Vaccines
MenACWY (Meningococcal)
- Protects against A, C, W, Y serogroups
- CDC recommendation: Ages 11-12, booster at 16
- Required for college attendance in many states
MenB (Meningococcal B)
- Protects against serogroup B
- Recommended for ages 16-23 (preferred 16-18)
- Consider for high-risk groups
Standard of Care: Clinical Management
Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for preventing bacterial meningitis. The following describes established medical consensus for clinical management.
Clinical Management
Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency requiring immediate hospitalization. First-line treatment is empirical IV antibiotics — Vancomycin plus Ceftriaxone — initiated as rapidly as possible, ideally within 60 minutes of presentation. Dexamethasone (corticosteroid) is given concurrently to reduce inflammation and lower risk of hearing loss and neurological complications. IV crystalloid infusion is used to manage septic shock. Lumbar puncture for CSF culture guides antibiotic de-escalation once organism is identified. Close contacts may require prophylactic antibiotics.
Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only. Treatment decisions must be made by a qualified healthcare provider.